TODAY IN HISTORY: SEPTEMBER 30

 

September 30

  September 30th is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. It is recognized as International Translation Day, celebrating the work of translators around the world.

On This Day in September 30: A Look Back at Some Historical Events

September 30 is a date that marks many significant events in world history, from politics and war to science and culture. In this blog post, we will take a look back at some of the historical events that happened on this day in different years, and how they shaped the world we live in today.

- 1520: Suleiman the Magnificent becomes Ottoman Sultan. He would rule until 1566 and oversee the expansion of the Ottoman Empire, as well as its cultural and artistic achievements. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest rulers in history.

- 1791: Mozart's opera "The Magic Flute" premieres in Vienna. The opera, with a German libretto by Emanuel Schikaneder, is a masterpiece of music and drama, combining elements of comedy, fantasy, and Freemasonry. It is one of Mozart's most popular and influential works.

- 1862: Otto von Bismarck delivers his famous "Blood and Iron" speech. The Prussian minister-president outlines his vision for the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership, through a policy of war and diplomacy. He would achieve his goal in 1871, after defeating France in the Franco-Prussian War.

- 1938: The Munich Agreement is signed by Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain, and Daladier. The agreement forces Czechoslovakia to cede its border regions to Nazi Germany, in exchange for peace. Chamberlain infamously declares "Peace for our time" on his return to London, but Hitler would soon violate the agreement and invade the rest of Czechoslovakia in 1939.

- 1946: The Nuremberg Trials conclude with the sentencing of 22 Nazi leaders. The trials, held by an international tribunal, are the first to prosecute war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during World War II. Twelve of the defendants are sentenced to death, seven to prison terms, and three are acquitted.

- 1960: "The Flintstones" premieres on ABC. The animated sitcom, created by Hanna-Barbera, depicts the life of a modern Stone Age family. It is the first animated series to air in prime time, and becomes a huge success and a cultural icon.

- 1980: Ethernet specifications are published by Xerox, Intel, and Digital Equipment Corporation. Ethernet is a technology that allows computers to communicate over a network using cables. It is still widely used today as the basis for local area networks (LANs) and internet connections.

Below are a few more events for this day:

489 – The Ostrogoths under Theoderic the Great defeat the forces of Odoacer for the second time.

737 – The Turgesh drive back an Umayyad invasion of Khuttal, follow them south of the Oxus, and capture their baggage train.

1139 – A magnitude 7.7 earthquake strikes the Caucasus mountains in the Seljuk Empire, causing mass destruction and killing up to 300,000 people.

1399 – Henry IV is proclaimed king of England.

1520 – Suleiman the Magnificent is proclaimed sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

1541 – Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto and his forces enter Tula territory in present-day western Arkansas, encountering fierce resistance.

1551 – A coup by the military establishment of Japan's Ōuchi clan forces their lord to commit suicide, and their city is burned.

1744 – War of the Austrian Succession: France and Spain defeat Sardinia at the Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo, but soon have to withdraw from Sardinia anyway.

1791 – The first performance of Mozart's opera The Magic Flute takes place two months before his death.

1791 – France's National Constituent Assembly is dissolved, to be replaced the next day by the National Legislative Assembly.

1863 – Georges Bizet's opera Les pêcheurs de perles, premiered in Paris.

1882 – Thomas Edison's first commercial hydroelectric power plant (later known as Appleton Edison Light Company) begins operation.

1888 – Jack the Ripper kills his third and fourth victims, Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes.

1906 – The Royal Galician Academy, the Galician language's biggest linguistic authority, starts working in La Coruña, Spain.

1907 – The McKinley National Memorial, the final resting place of assassinated U.S. President William McKinley and his family, is dedicated in Canton, Ohio.

1909 – The Cunard Line's RMS Mauretania makes a record-breaking westbound crossing of the Atlantic, that will not be bettered for 20 years.

1915 – World War I: Radoje Ljutovac becomes the first soldier in history to shoot down an enemy aircraft with ground-to-air fire.

1918 – Ukrainian War of Independence: Insurgent forces led by Nestor Makhno defeat the Central Powers at the battle of Dibrivka.

1935 – The Hoover Dam, astride the border between the U.S. states of Arizona and Nevada, is dedicated.

1938 – Britain, France, Germany and Italy sign the Munich Agreement, whereby Germany annexes the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia.

1938 – The League of Nations unanimously outlaws "intentional bombings of civilian populations".

1939 – World War II: General Władysław Sikorski becomes prime minister of the Polish government-in-exile.

1939 – NBC broadcasts the first televised American football game.

1941 – World War II: The Babi Yar massacre comes to an end.

1943 – The United States Merchant Marine Academy is dedicated by President Roosevelt.

1944 – The Germans commence a counter offensive to retake the Nijmegen salient, this having been captured by the allies during Operation Market Garden.

1945 – The Bourne End rail crash, in Hertfordshire, England, kills 43.

1947 – The 1947 World Series begins. It is the first to be televised, to include an African-American player, to exceed $2 million in receipts, to see a pinch-hit home run, and to have six umpires on the field.

1947 – Pakistan joins the United Nations.

1949 – The Berlin Airlift ends.

1954 – The U.S. Navy submarine USS Nautilus is commissioned as the world's first nuclear-powered vessel.

1965 – Six Indonesian Army generals were assassinated by the September 30 Movement. The PKI was blamed for the latter, resulting in mass killings of suspected leftists.

1966 – Bechuanaland declares its independence, and becomes the Republic of Botswana.

1968 – The Boeing 747 is rolled out and shown to the public for the first time.

1970 – Jordan makes a deal with the PFLP for the release of the remaining hostages from the Dawson's Field hijackings.

1975 – Malév Flight 240 crashes into the Mediterranean Sea while on approach to Beirut International Airport in Beirut, Lebanon, killing 60.

1978 – Finnair Flight 405 is hijacked by Aarno Lamminparras in Oulu, Finland.

1980 – Ethernet specifications are published by Xerox working with Intel and Digital Equipment Corporation.

1993 – The 6.2 M_w  Latur earthquake shakes Maharashtra, India with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe) killing 9,748 and injuring 30,000.

1999 – The Tokaimura nuclear accident causes the deaths of two technicians in Japan's second-worst nuclear accident.

2000 – Israeli-Palestinian conflict: Twelve-year-old Muhammad al-Durrah is shot and killed on the second day of the Second Intifada.

2005 – Controversial drawings of Muhammad are printed in a Danish newspaper.

2009 – The 7.6 M_w  Sumatra earthquake leaves 1,115 people dead.

2016 – Hurricane Matthew becomes a Category 5 hurricane, making it the strongest hurricane to form in the Caribbean Sea since 2007.

2016 – Two paintings with a combined value of $100 million are recovered after having been stolen from the Van Gogh Museum in 2002.

What historical event on September 30 do you find most interesting or important? Let us know in the comments below!

 

TODAY IN HISTORY: SEPTEMBER 27

 

September 27

 September 27 holds significance in history, representing a day filled with notable events and milestones that have shaped our world. From historical breakthroughs to cultural celebrations, this day stands as a reminder of the diverse and extraordinary moments that have unfolded throughout history.

One of the most significant events associated with September 27 is the signing of the Treaty of Tripoli in 1796. This treaty, brokered between the United States and the Barbary States, played a crucial role in ensuring peaceful relations between the two parties. By establishing the principle that the United States was not a Christian nation, it reinforced the concept of religious tolerance and separation of church and state, which are fundamental tenets of American democracy.

Moving forward to the year 1908, September 27 marked the birth of American actress and philanthropist, Margaret Thatcher. Known as the "Iron Lady," she became the first female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, demonstrating remarkable leadership during her tenure from 1979 to 1990. Thatcher's political career, characterized by her conservative policies and uncompromising leadership style, left a lasting impact on British politics and international relations.

Additionally, September 27 has been a significant day for space exploration. In 2003, the European Space Agency's Mars Express mission was launched to explore the surface and atmosphere of the planet Mars. This mission, which included a lander called Beagle 2, aimed to gather data about the planet's geology and search for evidence of past or present life. This mission represented a leap forward in our understanding of Mars and paved the way for future explorations.

In the realm of arts and culture, September 27 signifies the birth of Canadian author Arthur Black in 1943. Black, known for his wit and humor, became a renowned radio personality and writer, entertaining audiences across Canada. His contributions to the literary world and his ability to bring laughter into people's lives have made him a beloved figure in Canadian culture.

Furthermore, September 27 is celebrated as World Tourism Day, established by the United Nations World Tourism Organization. This day aims to promote responsible and sustainable tourism practices, highlighting the socio-cultural, economic, and environmental benefits that tourism brings to destinations worldwide. It serves as a reminder of the importance of preserving our diverse cultures and natural wonders while embracing the positive impacts of travel and tourism.

While September 27 holds numerous historical and cultural milestones, it is also important to mention notable births, deaths, and other significant events that have occurred on this day. For instance, in 1821, renowned French composer Étienne Méhul passed away, leaving behind a legacy of musical compositions. In 1936, American tennis legend and advocate for racial equality, Arthur Ashe, was born, later becoming the first African-American male to win the U.S. Open and Wimbledon.

In conclusion, September 27 is a day marked by events that have shaped our history and culture. From significant treaties to groundbreaking space missions, this date reminds us of the progress, achievements, and challenges humanity has faced throughout the centuries. As we reflect on September 27, we are reminded of the diverse narratives that intertwine to create the tapestry of our world.

Here are some more events on this day:

1066 – William the Conqueror and his army set sail from the mouth of the Somme river, beginning the Norman conquest of England.

1331 – The Battle of Płowce is fought, between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Order. The Poles are defeated but their leaders escape capture.

1422 – After the brief Gollub War, the Teutonic Knights sign the Treaty of Melno with Poland and Lithuania.

1529 – The Siege of Vienna begins when Suleiman I attacks the city.

1540 – The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) receives its charter from Pope Paul III.

1590 – The death of Pope Urban VII, 13 days after being chosen as the Pope, ends the shortest papal reign in history.

1605 – The armies of Sweden are defeated by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Battle of Kircholm.

1669 – The Venetians surrender the fortress of Candia to the Ottomans, thus ending the 21-year-long Siege of Candia.

1777 – American Revolution: Lancaster, Pennsylvania becomes the capital of the United States for one day after Congress evacuates Philadelphia.

1791 – The National Assembly of France votes to award full citizenship to Jews.

1821 – The Army of the Three Guarantees triumphantly enters Mexico City, led by Agustín de Iturbide. The following day Mexico is declared independent.

1822 – Jean-François Champollion officially informs the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres in France that he has deciphered the Rosetta Stone.

1825 – The world's first public railway to use steam locomotives, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, is ceremonially opened.

1854 – The paddle steamer SS Arctic, owned by the Collins Line of New York, sinks off the coast of Newfoundland, following a collision with a smaller vessel, the SS Vesta. Only 88 of over 300 people on board survive. About a dozen of the occupants of the Vesta are killed when their lifeboat is hit by the Arctic.

1875 – The merchant sailing ship Ellen Southard is wrecked in a storm at Liverpool.

1903 – "Wreck of the Old 97": an American rail disaster, in which 11 people are killed; it later becomes the subject of a popular ballad.

1908 – Production of the Model T automobile begins at the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit.

1916 – Iyasu V is proclaimed deposed as ruler of Ethiopia in a palace coup in favor of his aunt Zewditu.

1922 – King Constantine I of Greece abdicates his throne in favor of his eldest son, George II.

1928 – The Republic of China is recognized by the United States.

1930 – Bobby Jones wins the (pre-Masters) Grand Slam of golf.

1938 – The ocean liner Queen Elizabeth is launched in Glasgow.

1940 – World War II: The Tripartite Pact is signed in Berlin by Germany, Japan and Italy.

1941 – The Greek National Liberation Front is established with Georgios Siantos as acting leader.

1941 – The SS Patrick Henry is launched, becoming the first of more than 2,700 Liberty ships.

1942 – Last day of the Matanikau action on Guadalcanal as United States Marines barely escape after being surrounded by Japanese forces.

1944 – The Kassel Mission results in the largest loss by a USAAF group on any mission in World War II.

1949 – Zeng Liansong's design is chosen as the flag of the People's Republic of China.

1956 – USAF Captain Milburn G. Apt becomes the first person to exceed Mach 3. Shortly thereafter, the Bell X-2 goes out of control and Captain Apt is killed.

1959 – Typhoon Vera kills nearly 5,000 people in Japan.

1962 – The Yemen Arab Republic is established.

1962 – Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring is published, inspiring an environmental movement and the creation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

1964 – The British TSR-2 aircraft XR219 makes its maiden flight.

1975 – The last use of capital punishment in Spain sparks worldwide protests.

1977 – Japan Airlines Flight 715 crashes on approach to Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport in Subang, Malaysia, killing 34 of the 79 people on board.

1988 – The National League for Democracy is formed by Aung San Suu Kyi and others to fight dictatorship in Myanmar.

1993 – The Sukhumi massacre takes place in Abkhazia.

1996 – The Battle of Kabul ends in a Taliban victory; an Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan is established.

1996 – Confusion on a tanker ship results in the Julie N. oil spill in Portland, Maine.

1998 – The Google internet search engine retroactively claims this date as its birthday.

2001 – In Switzerland, a gunman shoots 18 citizens, killing 14 and then himself.

2003 – The SMART-1 satellite is launched.

2007 – NASA launches the Dawn probe to the asteroid belt.

2008 – CNSA astronaut Zhai Zhigang becomes the first Chinese person to perform a spacewalk.

2012 – In Minneapolis, a gunman shoots seven citizens, killing five and then himself.

2014 – The eruption of Mount Ontake in Japan occurs.

2019 – Over two million people participated in worldwide strikes to protest climate change across 2,400 locations worldwide.

2020 – Second Nagorno-Karabakh war: Azerbaijan launched an offensive against the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh, inhabited predominantly by ethnic Armenians.

 

TODAY IN HISTORY: SEPTEMBER 28

 

September 28

 

September 28 marks an important date in history, as it is associated with numerous significant events and milestones across various fields. From politics to technology, sports, and entertainment, September 28 has witnessed remarkable occurrences that have left an indelible mark on the world.

In the realm of politics, September 28, 1066, saw the famous Battle of Stamford Bridge, a pivotal moment in the Norman Conquest of England. The battle marked the end of the Viking era, as King Harold II of England successfully defended his throne against an invasion by King Harald Hardrada of Norway. This battle played a crucial role in shaping the history and political landscape of Britain.

Fast forwarding to the 20th century, September 28, 1928, marked a significant turning point in women's rights. On this day, the Democratic National Committee chose to include an equal rights plank in their 1928 platform—an emblematic step towards gender equality. This move aided in the ongoing struggle for women's suffrage and set the stage for advancements in women's rights that we continue to witness today.

The world of technology also experienced groundbreaking events on September 28. In 1995, two major companies, America Online (AOL) and Amazon, both made significant strides. AOL began supporting TCP/IP, a protocol that allowed users to access the internet through dial-up connections. Meanwhile, Amazon officially opened its virtual doors to customers, selling books online, which later expanded to becoming the world's largest online retailer selling a wide range of products.

Sports enthusiasts also have plenty to celebrate on this day. September 28, 2004, marked an extraordinary achievement in baseball as Barry Bonds hit his 700th career home run, putting him in an elite class alongside legends like Babe Ruth and Hank Aaron. Bonds went on to set the all-time home run record and secured his place in baseball history.

Furthermore, the entertainment world witnessed the birth and milestones of several icons on September 28. In 1901, Hollywood legend Ed Sullivan was born, who would go on to host one of the most influential and popular television shows in American history, \The Ed Sullivan Show.\ Additionally, on September 28, 1951, golden-voiced actress and singer, Cheryl Tiegs, graced the world with her presence. Tiegs became one of the world's first supermodels and enjoyed a successful career in both fashion and entertainment.

September 28 signifies much more than a mere date on the calendar. It acts as a reminder of the transformative events that have shaped our history. From medieval battles to revolutionary political decisions, technological advancements, record-breaking athletics, and impactful births, this day has been etched into the timeline of our collective human experience.

As we reflect on September 28, we can appreciate the enduring legacy left behind by those who have come before us. Their contributions have shaped the world we inhabit today and inspire us to continue pushing boundaries, challenging norms, and striving for progress.

     Here are some of the prominent events on this day:

48 BC – Pompey disembarks at Pelusium upon arriving in Egypt, whereupon he is assassinated by order of King Ptolemy XIII.

235 – Pope Pontian resigns. He is exiled to the mines of Sardinia, along with Hippolytus of Rome.

351 – Constantius II defeats the usurper Magnentius.

365 – Roman usurper Procopius bribes two legions passing by Constantinople, and proclaims himself emperor.

935 – Duke Wenceslaus I of Bohemia is murdered by a group of nobles led by his brother Boleslaus I, who succeeds him.

995 – Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia, kills most members of the rival Slavník dynasty.

1066 – William the Conqueror lands in England, beginning the Norman conquest.

1106 – King Henry I of England defeats his brother Robert Curthose at the Battle of Tinchebray.

1238 – King James I of Aragon conquers Valencia from the Moors. Shortly thereafter, he proclaims himself king of Valencia.

1322 – Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, defeats Frederick I of Austria in the Battle of Mühldorf.

1538 – Ottoman–Venetian War: The Ottoman Navy scores a decisive victory over a Holy League fleet in the Battle of Preveza.

1542 – Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo of Portugal arrives at what is now San Diego, California. He is the first European in California.

1779 – American Revolution: Samuel Huntington is elected President of the Continental Congress, succeeding John Jay.

1781 – American Revolution: French and American forces backed by a French fleet begin the siege of Yorktown.

1787 – The Congress of the Confederation votes to send the newly written United States Constitution to the state legislatures for approval.

1821 – The Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire is drafted. It will be made public on 13 October.

1844 – Oscar I of Sweden–Norway is crowned king of Sweden.

1867 – Toronto becomes the capital of Ontario, having also been the capital of Ontario's predecessors since 1796.

1868 – The Battle of Alcolea causes Queen Isabella II of Spain to flee to France.

1871 – The Brazilian Parliament passes a law that frees all children thereafter born to slaves, and all government-owned slaves.

1889 – The General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) defines the length of a metre.

1892 – The first night game for American football takes place in a contest between Wyoming Seminary and Mansfield State Normal.

1893 – Foundation of the Portuguese football club FC Porto.

1901 – Philippine–American War: Filipino guerrillas kill more than forty American soldiers while losing 28 of their own.

1912 – The Ulster Covenant is signed by some 500,000 Ulster Protestant Unionists in opposition to the Third Irish Home Rule Bill.

1912 – Corporal Frank S. Scott of the United States Army becomes the first enlisted man to die in an airplane crash.

1918 – World War I: The Fifth Battle of Ypres begins.

1919 – Race riots begin in Omaha, Nebraska.

1924 – The first aerial circumnavigation is completed by a team from the US Army.

1928 – Alexander Fleming notices a bacteria-killing mold growing in his laboratory, discovering what later became known as penicillin.

1939 – World War II: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union agree on a division of Poland.

1939 – World War II: The siege of Warsaw comes to an end.

1941 – World War II: The Drama uprising against the Bulgarian occupation in northern Greece begins.

1941 – Ted Williams achieves a .406 batting average for the season, and becomes the last major league baseball player to bat .400 or better.

1944 – World War II: Soviet Army troops liberate Klooga concentration camp in Estonia.

1951 – CBS makes the first color televisions available for sale to the general public, but the product is discontinued less than a month later.

1961 – A military coup in Damascus effectively ends the United Arab Republic, the union between Egypt and Syria.

1970 – Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser dies of a heart attack in Cairo.

1973 – The ITT Building in New York City is bombed in protest at ITT's alleged involvement in the coup d'état in Chile.

1975 – The Spaghetti House siege, in which nine people are taken hostage, takes place in London.

1986 – The Democratic Progressive Party becomes the first opposition party in Taiwan.

1992 – A Pakistan International Airlines flight crashes into a hill in Nepal, killing all 167 passengers and crew.

1994 – The cruise ferry MS Estonia sinks in the Baltic Sea, killing 852 people.

1995 – Bob Denard and a group of mercenaries take the islands of the Comoros in a coup.

1995 – Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat sign the Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.

2000 – Al-Aqsa Intifada: Ariel Sharon visits Al-Aqsa Mosque known to Jews as the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.

2008 – Falcon 1 becomes the first privately developed liquid-fuel ground-launched vehicle to put a payload into orbit by the RatSat mission.

2008 – The Singapore Grand Prix is held as Formula One's inaugural night race, with Fernando Alonso winning the event. Almost a year later it was revealed that Alonso's team-mate Nelson Piquet Jr. had been ordered to crash his car to help bring out the safety car and give Alonso the advantage and win.

2009 – The military junta leading Guinea attacks a protest rally, killing or wounding 1,400 people.

2012 – Somali and African Union forces launch a coordinated assault on the Somali port of Kismayo to take back the city from al-Shabaab militants.

2014 – The 2014 Hong Kong protests begin in response to restrictive political reforms imposed by the NPC in Beijing.

2016 – The 2016 South Australian blackout occurs, lasting up to three days in some areas.

2018 – The 7.5 M_w 2018 Sulawesi earthquake, which triggered a large tsunami, leaves 4,340 dead and 10,679 injured.

 

TODAY IN HISTORY: SEPTEMBER 26

 

September 26

September 26 is a date marked by several significant events that have shaped the course of history in different domains. From historical breakthroughs in scientific discoveries to moments of celebration and remembrance, this day holds deep meaning for people around the world. In this article, we will explore some unforgettable moments that occurred on September 26.

On September 26, 2015, NASA scientists announced a groundbreaking discovery - evidence of flowing water on the surface of Mars. This finding had tremendous implications for the possibility of life beyond Earth. The presence of liquid water, a crucial ingredient for life as we know it, opened up numerous opportunities for further exploration and research into the Red Planet.

September 26 is also remembered as the anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775. This pivotal battle took place during the American Revolutionary War, where American forces faced British troops in their quest for independence. Though the British won the battle, it was a symbolic victory for the American revolutionaries as it showcased their bravery and determination. The sacrifices made by the patriots on this day are commemorated yearly, honoring their role in shaping the United States.

September 26, 1945, marked the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) following the end of World War II. This event marked a critical turning point in European history as it laid the foundation for democracy in post-war Germany. The creation of a stable and democratic government led to Germany's reunification and played a significant role in shaping European politics and economy in the years that followed.

In 2014, September 26 became a momentous day for India's space exploration program. The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) successfully placed the Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) into orbit around the red planet, making India the first Asian country to reach Mars. This achievement showcased India's technological capabilities and contributed to advancing our understanding of Mars.

Since 2019, September 26 has been recognized as the International Day for Universal Access to Information. This day aims to raise awareness of the importance of access to information for sustainable development and equitable societies. It emphasizes the right to access information held by public bodies while promoting multilingualism and cultural diversity as keys to inclusive and effective knowledge societies.

September 26 stands as a testament to human achievement in various fields, from space exploration to the struggles for freedom and democracy. Throughout history, this date has witnessed remarkable events that have shaped the world we live in today. Whether it is the scientific breakthroughs or the commemoration of the sacrifices made in significant battles, September 26 holds an indelible place in history. It serves as a reminder of our past successes and a catalyst for further progress in the future.

Here are some more events on this day:

46 BC – Julius Caesar dedicates a temple to Venus Genetrix, fulfilling a vow he made at the Battle of Pharsalus.

715 – Ragenfrid defeats Theudoald at the Battle of Compiègne.

1087 – William II is crowned King of England, and reigns until 1100.

1212 – The Golden Bull of Sicily is issued to confirm the hereditary royal title in Bohemia for the Přemyslid dynasty.

1345 – Friso-Hollandic Wars: Frisians defeat Holland in the Battle of Warns.

1371 – Serbian–Turkish wars: Ottoman Turks fought against a Serbian army at the Battle of Maritsa.

1423 – Hundred Years' War: A French army defeats the English at the Battle of La Brossinière.

1493 – Pope Alexander VI issues the papal bull Dudum siquidem to the Spanish, extending the grant of new lands he made them in Inter caetera.

1580 – Francis Drake finishes his circumnavigation of the Earth in Plymouth, England.

1687 – Morean War: The Parthenon in Athens, used as a gunpowder depot by the Ottoman garrison, is partially destroyed after being bombarded during the Siege of the Acropolis by Venetian forces.

1688 – The city council of Amsterdam votes to support William of Orange's invasion of England, which became the Glorious Revolution.

1777 – American Revolution: British troops occupy Philadelphia.

1789 – George Washington appoints Thomas Jefferson the first United States Secretary of State.

1799 – War of the 2nd Coalition: French troops defeat Austro-Russian forces, leading to the collapse of Suvorov's campaign.

1810 – A new Act of Succession is adopted by the Riksdag of the Estates, and Jean Baptiste Bernadotte becomes heir to the Swedish throne.

1905 – Albert Einstein publishes the third of his Annus Mirabilis papers, introducing the special theory of relativity.

1907 – Four months after the 1907 Imperial Conference, New Zealand and Newfoundland are promoted from colonies to dominions within the British Empire.

1910 – Indian journalist Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai is arrested after publishing criticism of the government of Travancore and is exiled.

1914 – The United States Federal Trade Commission is established by the Federal Trade Commission Act.

1917 – World War I: The Battle of Polygon Wood begins.

1918 – World War I: The Meuse-Argonne Offensive began which would last until the total surrender of German forces.

1923 – The German government accepts the occupation of the Ruhr.

1933 – As gangster Machine Gun Kelly surrenders to the FBI, he shouts out, "Don't shoot, G-Men!", which becomes a nickname for FBI agents.

1934 – The ocean liner RMS Queen Mary is launched.

1936 – Spanish Civil War: Lluis Companys reshuffles the Generalitat de Catalunya, with the marxist POUM and anarcho-syndicalist CNT joining the government.

1942 – Holocaust: Senior SS official August Frank issues a memorandum detailing how Jews should be "evacuated".

1950 – Korean War: United Nations troops recapture Seoul from North Korean forces.

1953 – Rationing of sugar in the United Kingdom ends

1954 – The Japanese rail ferry Tōya Maru sinks during a typhoon in the Tsugaru Strait, Japan, killing 1,172.

1959 – Typhoon Vera, the strongest typhoon to hit Japan in recorded history, makes landfall, killing 4,580 people and leaving nearly 1.6 million others homeless.

1960 – In Chicago, the first televised debate takes place between presidential candidates Richard M. Nixon and John F. Kennedy.

1969 – Abbey Road, the last recorded album by the Beatles, is released.

1973 – Concorde makes its first non-stop crossing of the Atlantic in record-breaking time.

1980 – At the Oktoberfest terror attack in Munich 13 people die and 211 are injured.

1981 – Nolan Ryan sets a Major League record by throwing his fifth no-hitter.

1983 – Soviet Air Force officer Stanislav Petrov identifies a report of an incoming nuclear missile as a computer error and not an American first strike.

1983 – Australia II wins the America's Cup, ending the New York Yacht Club's 132-year domination of the race.

1984 – The United Kingdom and China agree to a transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, to take place in 1997.

1997 – A Garuda Indonesia Airbus A300 crashes near Medan airport, killing 234.

1997 – An earthquake strikes the Italian regions of Umbria and the Marche, causing part of the Basilica of St. Francis at Assisi to collapse.

2000 – Anti-globalization protests in Prague (some 20,000 protesters) turn violent during the IMF and World Bank summits.

2000 – The MS Express Samina sinks off Paros in the Aegean Sea killing 80 passengers.

2002 – The overcrowded Senegalese ferry, MV Le Joola, capsizes off the coast of the Gambia killing more than 1,000.

2005 – The PBS Kids Channel is shut down and replaced by a joint network with Comcast called Sprout.

2008 – Swiss pilot and inventor Yves Rossy becomes first person to fly a jet engine-powered wing across the English Channel.

2009 – Typhoon Ketsana hits the Philippines, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand, causing 700 fatalities.

2010 – The Philippine Bar exam bombing occurred near the De La Salle University in Taft Avenue, Manila injuring 47 people.

2014 – A mass kidnapping occurs in Iguala, Mexico.