TODAY IN HISTORY: OCTOBER 31

 

 

October 31

October 31st, also known as Halloween, is a day filled with mystery, excitement, and a dash of spooky fun. Originating from ancient Celtic traditions, this day has evolved into a cultural celebration observed in many parts of the world.

The roots of Halloween can be traced back to the ancient Celtic festival known as Samhain, which marked the end of the harvest season and the beginning of winter. The Celts believed that on the night of October 31st, the boundaries between the worlds of the living and the dead would blur, allowing spirits to roam freely among the living. To ward off these spirits, the Celts would light bonfires and wear costumes to confuse and scare away the roaming ghosts.

As time went on, the festival of Samhain merged with Christian traditions, specifically the holiday of All Saints' Day, which was celebrated on November 1st. The night before All Saints' Day became known as All Hallows' Eve, which eventually transformed into Halloween. During the Middle Ages, Halloween was considered a time for honoring the departed souls and praying for their safe passage to the afterlife.

Over the centuries, Halloween customs have intertwined with various cultural practices, resulting in a unique blend of traditions. Today, Halloween is characterized by a plethora of activities and symbols, including jack-o'-lanterns, trick-or-treating, costume parties, haunted houses, and scary movies.

One of the most iconic symbols of Halloween is the jack-o'-lantern. Originally, these were carved from turnips or potatoes by the Irish, who believed that these lanterns would guide lost souls and ward off evil spirits. When Irish immigrants arrived in America, they discovered that pumpkins were more readily available and easier to carve, leading to the tradition of carving pumpkins that we know today.

Trick-or-treating, where children dress up in costumes and go from house to house asking for candy, is another widely practiced Halloween tradition. Its origins can be traced back to the 9th century, where \souling\ was a common practice in England. Children and the poor would go door-to-door, offering prayers for the dead in return for soul cakes, a sweet treat resembling a shortbread biscuit. This practice evolved into modern-day trick-or-treating, where children expect a variety of sugary delights instead of soul cakes.

Costume parties and masquerades are an integral part of Halloween festivities. People of all ages enjoy dressing up as various characters, monsters, or pop culture icons, allowing them to assume a new identity for a night. From cute animals to spooky witches, the possibilities are endless when it comes to Halloween costumes.

Haunted houses and scary movies also add to the thrill and excitement of Halloween night. Many people visit haunted attractions or create their own spooky settings to experience a haunted adventure. Additionally, watching horror movies has become a popular Halloween tradition, with a wide range of terrifying films available to suit every scare-tolerance level.

October 31st, Halloween, has become a day steeped in mystery, folklore, and tradition. From its ancient Celtic roots to its modern-day celebrations, this holiday continues to captivate people of all ages. Whether it's carving pumpkins, trick-or-treating, or dressing up in spooky costumes, Halloween provides an opportunity for people to embrace their inner child and revel in the magic of the night.

Here are some more events of the day:

475 – Romulus Augustulus is proclaimed Western Roman Emperor.

683 – During the Siege of Mecca, the Kaaba catches fire and is burned down.

802 – Empress Irene is deposed and banished to Lesbos. Conspirators place Nikephoros, the minister of finance, on the Byzantine throne.

932 – Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadir is killed while fighting against the forces of general Mu'nis al-Muzaffar. Al-Muqtadir's brother al-Qahir is chosen to succeed him.

1517 – Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg.

1587 – Leiden University Library opens its doors after its founding in 1575.

 

1822 – Emperor Agustín de Iturbide attempts to dissolve the Congress of the Mexican Empire.

1863 – The New Zealand Wars resume as British forces in New Zealand led by General Duncan Cameron begin their Invasion of the Waikato.

1864 – Nevada is admitted as the 36th U.S. state.

1895 – The strongest earthquake in the Midwestern United States since 1812 strikes near Charleston, Missouri, causing damage and killing at least two.

 

1903 – The Purdue Wreck, a railroad train collision in Indianapolis, kills 17 people, including 14 players of the Purdue University football team.

1907 – The Parliament of Finland approved the Prohibition Act, but the law was not implemented because it was not ratified by Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.

1913 – Dedication of the Lincoln Highway, the first automobile highway across United States.

1913 – The Indianapolis Streetcar Strike and subsequent riot begins.

1917 – World War I: Battle of Beersheba: The "last successful cavalry charge in history".

1918 – World War I: The Aster Revolution terminates the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, and Hungary achieves full sovereignty.

1922 – Benito Mussolini is made Prime Minister of Italy

1923 – The first of 160 consecutive days of 100° Fahrenheit at Marble Bar, Western Australia.

1924 – World Savings Day is announced in Milan, Italy by the Members of the Association at the 1st International Savings Bank Congress (World Society of Savings Banks).

1938 – Great Depression: In an effort to restore investor confidence, the New York Stock Exchange unveils a fifteen-point program aimed to upgrade protection for the investing public.

1940 – World War II: The Battle of Britain ends: The United Kingdom prevents a possible German invasion.

1941 – After 14 years of work, Mount Rushmore is completed.

1941 – World War II: The destroyer USS Reuben James is torpedoed by a German U-boat near Iceland, killing more than 100 U.S. Navy sailors. It is the first U.S. Navy vessel sunk by enemy action in WWII.

1943 – World War II: An F4U Corsair accomplishes the first successful radar-guided interception by a United States Navy or Marine Corps aircraft.

1956 – Suez Crisis: The United Kingdom and France begin bombing Egypt to force the reopening of the Suez Canal.

1956 – Hungarian Revolution of 1956: A Revolutionary Headquarters is established in Hungary. Following Imre Nagy's announcement of October 30, banned non-Communist political parties are reformed, and the MDP is replaced by the MSZMP. József Mindszenty is released from prison. The Soviet Politburo makes the decision to crush the Revolution.

1961 – In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin's body is removed from the Lenin's Mausoleum, also known as the Lenin Tomb.

1963 – Indiana State Fairgrounds Coliseum gas explosion: A gas explosion at the Indiana State Fairgrounds Coliseum in Indianapolis kills 81 people and injures another 400 during an ice show.

1968 – Vietnam War October surprise: Citing progress with the Paris peace talks, US President Lyndon B. Johnson announces to the nation that he has ordered a complete cessation of "all air, naval, and artillery bombardment of North Vietnam" effective November 1.

1973 – Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape. Three Provisional Irish Republican Army members escape from Mountjoy Prison, Dublin aboard a hijacked helicopter that landed in the exercise yard.

1979 – Western Airlines Flight 2605 crashes on landing in Mexico City, killing 73 people.

1984 – Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi is assassinated by two Sikh security guards. Riots break out in New Delhi and other cities and around 3,000 Sikhs are killed.

1994 – American Eagle Flight 4184 crashes near Roselawn, Indiana killing all 68 people on board.

1996 – TAM Transportes Aéreos Regionais Flight 402 crashes in São Paulo, Brazil, killing 99 people.

1998 – Iraq disarmament crisis begins: Iraq announces it would no longer cooperate with United Nations weapons inspectors.

1999 – Yachtsman Jesse Martin returns to Melbourne after 11 months of circumnavigating the world, solo, non-stop and unassisted.

1999 – EgyptAir Flight 990 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean near Nantucket, killing all 217 people on board.

2000 – Soyuz TM-31 launches, carrying the first resident crew to the International Space Station. The ISS has been crewed continuously since then.

2000 – Singapore Airlines Flight 006 crashes on takeoff from Taipei, killing 83.

2002 – A federal grand jury in Houston, Texas indicts former Enron chief financial officer Andrew Fastow on 78 counts of wire fraud, money laundering, conspiracy and obstruction of justice related to the collapse of his ex-employer.

2003 – Mahathir bin Mohamad resigns as Prime Minister of Malaysia and is replaced by Deputy Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, marking an end to Mahathir's 22 years in power.

2011 – The global population of humans reaches seven billion. This day is now recognized by the United Nations as the Day of Seven Billion.

2014 – During a test flight, the VSS Enterprise, a Virgin Galactic experimental spaceflight test vehicle, suffers a catastrophic in-flight breakup and crashes in the Mojave Desert, California,

2015 – Metrojet Flight 9268 is bombed over the northern Sinai Peninsula, killing all 224 people on board.

2017 – A truck drives into a crowd in Lower Manhattan, New York City, killing eight people.

2020 – Berlin Brandenburg Airport opens its doors after nearly 10 years of delays due to construction issues and project corruption. 

 

 

TODAY IN HISTORY: OCTOBER 30

 

October 30

October 30th is a day that holds significance for various reasons. It marks the end of a month, but also holds historical, cultural, and personal meanings for many people around the world. In this essay, we will explore the significance of October 30th in different contexts while reflecting on its importance in the grand scheme of things.

On a historical note, October 30th holds a special place in the annals of American history. In 1938, this date became known as \The Night of the Orson Welles' War of the Worlds Broadcast.\ The famous actor and director, Orson Welles, aired a radio drama adaptation of H.G. Wells' science fiction novel, \War of the Worlds,\ that caused mass panic among listeners who thought an actual alien invasion was occurring. This incident highlighted the power of media and its ability to deceive and manipulate public perception. The event also sheds light on the significance of critical thinking and the responsibility of broadcasters to ensure clarity and accuracy to avoid creating undue panic.

In a cultural context, October 30th marks the eve of one of the most widely celebrated holidays in the United States - Halloween. It is a day when people dress up in costumes, engage in trick-or-treating, and immerse themselves in a world of fantasy and spookiness. Halloween has evolved over the years, becoming more commercialized with extensive decorations, parties, and community events. Many societies have their own variations of this celebration, such as Mexico's \Dia de los Muertos\ or the Celtic festival of \Samhain.\ Regardless of cultural differences, October 30th symbolizes a day of indulgence, creativity, and an opportunity to confront fears in a lighthearted manner.

On a personal level, October 30th can hold special significance for individuals marking memorable milestones or significant events. This may include birthdays, anniversaries, or even the completion of personal goals. It allows for reflection on personal growth, achievements, and the setting of future aspirations. Additionally, for some, October 30th may bring a sense of nostalgia, reflecting back on childhood memories of dressing up, going trick-or-treating, and indulging in sugary treats. It serves as a reminder of the joy and innocence that can be found in simple traditions.

In a broader sense, October 30th represents a transitional period. It signals the end of one month and the approaching advent of another. The changing of months can often serve as a reminder to evaluate goals and set new ones, to reflect on accomplishments, and to plan for the future. This transition can bring a renewed sense of energy and motivation, as October fades into November and winter approaches.

Moreover, October 30th reminds us of the fleeting nature of time. It serves as a reminder that life moves quickly, and moments should be appreciated and cherished. It is a reminder to seize the day and make the most of the present. With the ever-increasing pace of life, it is easy to get caught up in the daily grind and forget to appreciate the small joys that each day brings. October 30th reminds us to pause and take a moment to reflect on the significance of time and the importance of living each day to its fullest.

In conclusion, October 30th holds immense significance on various levels. Historically, it serves as a reminder of the power of media and critical thinking. Culturally, it represents a day of celebration, creativity, and indulgence. Personally, it can mark milestones, inspire reflection, and evoke nostalgia. And on a broader scale, October 30th serves as a transitional period, a reminder of the fleeting nature of time and the opportunity to seize each moment. Ultimately, October 30th carries meaning that extends far beyond just another day on the calendar.

Here are more events of this day:

637 – Arab–Byzantine wars: Antioch surrenders to the Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of the Iron Bridge.

758 – Guangzhou is sacked by Arab and Persian pirates.

1137 – Ranulf of Apulia defeats Roger II of Sicily at the Battle of Rignano, securing his position as duke until his death two years later.

1270 – The Eighth Crusade ends by an agreement between Charles I of Anjou (replacing his deceased brother King Louis IX of France) and the Hafsid dynasty of Tunis, Tunisia.

1340 – Reconquista: Portuguese and Castilian forces halt a Muslim invasion at the Battle of Río Salado.

 

1657 – Anglo-Spanish War: Spanish forces fail to retake Jamaica at the Battle of Ocho Rios.

1806 – War of the Fourth Coalition: Convinced that he is facing a much larger force, Prussian General von Romberg, commanding 5,300 men, surrenders the city of Stettin to 800 French soldiers.

1817 – Simón Bolívar becomes President of the Third Republic of Venezuela.

1831 – Nat Turner is arrested for leading the bloodiest slave rebellion in United States history.

1863 – Danish Prince Vilhelm arrives in Athens to assume his throne as George I, King of the Hellenes.

1864 – The Treaty of Vienna is signed, by which Denmark relinquishes one province each to Prussia and Austria.

1888 – The Rudd Concession is granted by Matabeleland to agents of Cecil Rhodes.

 

1905 – Czar Nicholas II issues the October Manifesto, nominally granting the Russian peoples basic civil liberties and the right to form a duma. (October 17 in the Julian calendar)

1918 – World War I: The Ottoman Empire signs the Armistice of Mudros with the Allies.

1918 – World War I: Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, a state union of Kingdom of Hungary and Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia is abolished with decisions of Croatian and Hungarian parliaments

1920 – The Communist Party of Australia is founded in Sydney.

1938 – Orson Welles broadcasts a radio adaptation of H. G. Wells's The War of the Worlds, causing a massive panic in some of the audience in the United States.

1941 – President Roosevelt approves $1 billion in Lend-Lease aid to the Allied nations.

1941 – Holocaust: Fifteen hundred Jews from Pidhaytsi are sent by Nazis to Bełżec extermination camp.

1942 – World War II: Lt. Tony Fasson and Able Seaman Colin Grazier drown while taking code books from the sinking German submarine U-559.

1944 – Holocaust: Anne and Margot Frank are deported from Auschwitz to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where they die from disease the following year, shortly before the end of WWII.

1945 – Jackie Robinson of the Kansas City Monarchs signs a contract for the Brooklyn Dodgers, breaking the baseball color line.

1947 – The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the foundation of the World Trade Organization (WTO), is founded.

1948 – A luzzu fishing boat overloaded with passengers capsizes and sinks in the Gozo Channel off Qala, Gozo, Malta, killing 23 of the 27 people on board.

1953 – President Eisenhower approves the top-secret document NSC 162/2 concerning the maintenance of a strong nuclear deterrent force against the Soviet Union.

1956 – Hungarian Revolution: The government of Imre Nagy recognizes newly-established revolutionary workers' councils. Army officer Béla Király leads anti-Soviet militias in an attack on the headquarters of the Hungarian Working People's Party.

1959 – Piedmont Airlines Flight 349 crashes on approach to Charlottesville–Albemarle Airport in Albemarle County, Virginia, killing 26 of the 27 on board.

1961 – The Soviet Union detonates the Tsar Bomba, the most powerful explosive device ever detonated.

1961 – Due to "violations of Vladimir Lenin's precepts", it is decreed that Joseph Stalin's body be removed from its place of honour inside Lenin's tomb and buried near the Kremlin Wall with a plain granite marker.

1968 – A squad of 120 North Korean Army commandos land in boats along a 25-mile long section of the eastern coast of South Korea in a failed attempt to overthrow the dictatorship of Park Chung-hee and bring about the reunification of Korea.

1973 – The Bosphorus Bridge in Turkey is completed, connecting the continents of Europe and Asia over the Bosphorus for the second time.

1975 – Prince Juan Carlos I of Spain becomes acting head of state, taking over for the country's ailing dictator, Gen. Francisco Franco.

1975 – Forty-five people are killed when Inex-Adria Aviopromet Flight 450 crashes into Suchdol, Prague, while on approach to Prague Ruzyně Airport (now Václav Havel Airport Prague) in Czechoslovakia (present-day Czech Republic).

1980 – El Salvador and Honduras agree to put the border dispute fought over in 1969's Football War before the International Court of Justice.

1983 – The first democratic elections in Argentina, after seven years of military rule, are held.

1983 – A magnitude 6.6 earthquake in the Turkish provinces of Erzurum and Kars leaves approximately 1,340 people dead.

1985 – Space Shuttle Challenger lifts off for mission STS-61-A, its final successful mission.

1991 – The Israeli-Palestinian conflict: The Madrid Conference commences in an effort to revive peace negotiations between Israel and Palestine.

1995 – Quebec citizens narrowly vote (50.58% to 49.42%) in favour of remaining a province of Canada in their second referendum on national sovereignty.

2005 – The rebuilt Dresden Frauenkirche (destroyed in the firebombing of Dresden during World War II) is reconsecrated after a thirteen-year rebuilding project.

2013 – Forty-five people are killed and seven injured after a bus catches fire in Mahabubnagar district, Andhra Pradesh (present-day Telangana), India.

2014 – Sweden becomes the first European Union member state to officially recognize the State of Palestine.

2014 – Four people are killed when a Beechcraft Super King Air crashes at Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport in Wichita, Kansas.

2015 – A fire in a nightclub in the Romanian capital of Bucharest kills sixty-four people and leaves more than 147 injured.

2020 – A magnitude 7.0 earthquake strikes the Aegean Sea between Greece and Turkey, triggering a tsunami. At least 119 people die mainly due to collapsed buildings.

2022 – A pedestrian suspension bridge collapses in the city of Morbi, Gujarat, leading to the deaths of at least 135 people.

 

 

TODAY IN HISTORY: OCTOBER 29

 

October 29

 

October 29 holds significance for various reasons in history, culture, and events that have shaped the world. From historic moments to famous personalities, this date marks important occurrences and milestones. In this essay, we will explore some of the notable events that have taken place on October 29 and their impact on society.

One of the most significant events associated with October 29 is the stock market crash of 1929, also known as Black Tuesday. This event marked the beginning of the Great Depression, a period of economic downturn and hardship that affected countries worldwide. The crash was triggered by a sudden collapse of stock prices, leading to panic-selling, bankruptcies, and a financial crisis that lasted for years. The repercussions of this crash left an indelible mark on the economic and social landscape of the time and shaped subsequent economic policies to prevent such crises in the future.

Another memorable event that occurred on October 29 is the reopening of the Suez Canal in 1975. The Suez Canal, a crucial waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, had been closed since the 1967 Six-Day War between Egypt and Israel. The reopening of the canal marked a significant moment of economic and political significance, enabling international trade to flow freely once again. This event showcased the importance of diplomacy and cooperation in resolving conflicts and ensuring global connectivity.

In the realm of entertainment and popular culture, October 29 has witnessed various releases and premieres. For instance, on October 29, 1969, the first-ever episode of the groundbreaking children's television show, Sesame Street, aired on American television. This educational program revolutionized children's television by introducing puppetry, animation, and innovative teaching methods. Sesame Street became an integral part of many children's lives, imparting valuable lessons and promoting inclusivity and diversity.

October 29 is also associated with the birth of famous personalities who have left their mark on different domains. One such individual is comedian and actor John Cleese, born on this day in 1939. Cleese, known for his witty humor and roles in iconic works such as Monty Python's Flying Circus and Fawlty Towers, has entertained millions around the world and is considered a comedic genius. His contributions to the world of comedy have been a source of laughter and inspiration for generations.

Moreover, October 29 holds significance in the field of technology and innovation. On this day in 1969, the internet precursor, ARPANET, became operational. ARPANET was the precursor to the internet and laid the foundation for the global network that we rely on today. Its successful implementation paved the way for the digital revolution, transforming industries, communication, and society at large. This landmark achievement revolutionized the way we connect, share information, and conduct businesses.

In the world of sports, October 29 has witnessed remarkable achievements and historic moments. For example, on this day in 2016, the Chicago Cubs won their first World Series championship in 108 years, breaking the \Curse of the Billy Goat.\ The victory created an outpouring of joy and celebration among the team's fans and baseball enthusiasts worldwide. It symbolized the power of determination, perseverance, and the triumph of the human spirit.

In conclusion, October 29 has been witness to numerous significant events that have shaped history, culture, and society. From the stock market crash of 1929 to the birth of famous personalities, the reopening of the Suez Canal, the inception of Sesame Street, the birth of John Cleese, the operationalization of ARPANET, and the Chicago Cubs' historic World Series victory, this date has seen pivotal moments across various domains. These events have left a lasting impact, be it in the economy, entertainment, technology, or sports. October 29 serves as a reminder of the diverse and interconnected tapestry of human achievements and milestones that continue to shape our world.

Here are more events of this day:

312 – Constantine the Great enters Rome after his victory at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, stages a grand adventus in the city, and is met with popular jubilation. Maxentius' body is fished out of the Tiber and beheaded.

437 – Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II, Eastern Roman Emperor in Constantinople unifying the two branches of the House of Theodosius.

1268 – Conradin is executed along with his companion Frederick I, Margrave of Baden by Charles I of Sicily.

1390 – First trial for witchcraft in Paris leading to the death of three people.

1467 – Battle of Brustem: Charles the Bold defeats Prince-Bishopric of Liège.

1591 – Pope Innocent IX is elected.

 

1611 – Russian homage to the King of Poland, Sigismund III Vasa.

1618 – English adventurer, writer, and courtier Sir Walter Raleigh is beheaded for allegedly conspiring against James I of England.

1621 – The London Pageant of 1621 celebrates the inauguration of Edward Barkham (Lord Mayor).

1658 – Second Northern War: Naval forces of the Dutch Republic defeat the Swedes in the Battle of the Sound.

1665 – Portuguese forces defeat the Kingdom of Kongo and decapitate King António I of Kongo, also known as Nvita a Nkanga.

1675 – Leibniz makes the first use of the long s (∫) as a symbol of the integral in calculus.

1787 – Mozart's opera Don Giovanni receives its first performance in Prague.

1792 – Mount Hood (Oregon) is named after Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood by Lt. William E. Broughton who sighted the mountain near the mouth of the Willamette River.

1863 – Eighteen countries meet in Geneva and agree to form the International Red Cross.

1863 – American Civil War: Battle of Wauhatchie: Forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant repel a Confederate attack led by General James Longstreet. Union forces thus open a supply line into Chattanooga, Tennessee.

1888 – The Convention of Constantinople is signed, guaranteeing free maritime passage through the Suez Canal during war and peace.

 

1901 – In Amherst, Massachusetts, nurse Jane Toppan is arrested for murdering the Davis family of Boston with an overdose of morphine.

1901 – Leon Czolgosz, the assassin of U.S. President William McKinley, is executed by electrocution.

1914 – Ottoman entry into World War I.

1918 – The German High Seas Fleet is incapacitated when sailors mutiny, an action which would trigger the German Revolution of 1918–19.

1921 – United States: Second trial of Sacco and Vanzetti in Boston, Massachusetts.

1921 – The Harvard University football team loses to Centre College, ending a 25-game winning streak. This is considered one of the biggest upsets in college football.

1923 – Turkey becomes a republic following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.

1929 – The New York Stock Exchange crashes in what will be called the Crash of '29 or "Black Tuesday", ending the Great Bull Market of the 1920s and beginning the Great Depression.

1941 – The Holocaust: In the Kaunas Ghetto, over 10,000 Jews are shot by German occupiers at the Ninth Fort, a massacre known as the "Great Action".

1942 – The Holocaust: In the United Kingdom, leading clergymen and political figures hold a public meeting to register outrage over Nazi Germany's persecution of Jews.

1944 – The Dutch city of Breda is liberated by 1st Polish Armoured Division.

1944 – World War II: The Soviet Red Army enters Hungary.

1948 – Israeli-Palestinian conflict: Safsaf massacre: Israeli soldiers capture the Palestinian village of Safsaf in the Galilee; afterwards, between 52 and 64 villagers are massacred by the IDF.

1953 – BCPA Flight 304 DC-6 crashes near San Francisco.

1955 – The Soviet battleship Novorossiysk strikes a World War II mine in the harbor at Sevastopol.

1956 – Suez Crisis begins: Israeli forces invade the Sinai Peninsula and push Egyptian forces back toward the Suez Canal.

1957 – Israel's prime minister David Ben-Gurion and five of his ministers are injured when Moshe Dwek throws a grenade into the Knesset.

1960 – An airplane carrying the Cal Poly football team crashes on takeoff in Toledo, Ohio.

1964 – The United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar is renamed to the United Republic of Tanzania.

1964 – Biggest jewel heist; involving the Star of India (gem) in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City by Murph the Surf and gang.

1967 – Montreal's World Fair, Expo 67, closes with over 50 million visitors.

1969 – The first-ever computer-to-computer link is established on ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet.

1972 – The three surviving perpetrators of the Munich massacre are released from prison in exchange for the hostages of the hijacked Lufthansa Flight 615.

1980 – Demonstration flight of a secretly modified C-130 for an Iran hostage crisis rescue attempt ends in a crash landing at Eglin Air Force Base's Duke Field, Florida, leading to the cancellation of Operation Credible Sport.

1985 – Major General Samuel K. Doe is announced as the winner of the first multi-party election in Liberia.

1986 – British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher opens the last stretch of the M25 motorway.

1991 – The American Galileo spacecraft makes its closest approach to 951 Gaspra, becoming the first probe to visit an asteroid.

1994 – Francisco Martin Duran fires over two dozen shots at the White House; he is later convicted of trying to kill U.S. President Bill Clinton.

1998 – In South Africa, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission presents its report, which condemns both sides for committing atrocities.

1998 – Space Shuttle Discovery blasts off on STS-95 with 77-year-old John Glenn on board, making him the oldest person to go into space at that time.

1998 – ATSC HDTV broadcasting in the United States is inaugurated with the launch of the STS-95 space shuttle mission.

1998 – While en route from Adana to Ankara, a Turkish Airlines flight with a crew of six and 33 passengers is hijacked by a Kurdish militant who orders the pilot to fly to Switzerland. The plane instead lands in Ankara after the pilot tricked the hijacker into thinking that he is landing in the Bulgarian capital of Sofia to refuel.

1998 – Hurricane Mitch, the second deadliest Atlantic hurricane in history, makes landfall in Honduras.

1998 – The Gothenburg discothèque fire in Sweden kills 63 and injures 200.

1999 – A large cyclone devastates Odisha, India.

2002 – A fire destroys a luxurious department store in Ho Chi Minh City, where 1,500 people are shopping. More than 60 people die and over 100 are unaccounted for in the deadliest peacetime disaster in Vietnam.

2004 – The Arabic-language news network Al Jazeera broadcasts an excerpt from a 2004 Osama bin Laden video in which the terrorist leader first admits direct responsibility for the September 11, 2001 attacks and references the 2004 U.S. presidential election.

2005 – Bombings in Delhi, India kill more than 60.

2008 – Delta Air Lines merges with Northwest Airlines, creating the world's largest airline and reducing the number of US legacy carriers to five.

2008 – A pair of deadly earthquakes hits Baluchistan, Pakistan, killing 215.

2012 – Hurricane Sandy hits the east coast of the United States, killing 148 directly and 138 indirectly, while leaving nearly $70 billion in damages and causing major power outages.

2014 – A mud slide; the 2014 Badulla landslide, in south-central Sri Lanka, kills at least 16 people, and leaves hundreds of people missing.

2015 – China announces the end of its one-child policy after 35 years.

2018 – A Boeing 737 MAX plane crashes after taking off from Jakarta, Indonesia killing 189 people on board.

2020 – Jeremy Corbyn, Leader of the Labour Party and of the Opposition in the United Kingdom is suspended from the Labour Party following his response to findings from the EHRC on the issue of antisemitism within the party.

2022 – At least 156 die at a crowd crush during a Halloween celebration in Itaewon district, Seoul, South Korea.

2022 – At least 100 people are killed and over 300 are injured by a double car bombing in Mogadishu, Somalia.

 

 

TODAY IN HISTORY: OCTOBER 28

 

October 28

October 28th, a date that holds significance for many, marks an undeniable milestone in history. It is a day that carries with it a blend of both triumphs and tragedies, shaping the course of humanity in various ways. Throughout the years, October 28th has witnessed events that have altered political landscapes, scientific breakthroughs, and even cultural shifts. From political assassinations to scientific discoveries, this date remains etched in the collective memory of individuals across the globe.

In the realm of politics, October 28th has seen some of the most consequential events in history. It was on this day in 1922 when Benito Mussolini and his Fascist Party staged the March on Rome, a pivotal moment that led to Mussolini's rise to power as the Prime Minister of Italy. This marked the beginning of his fascist regime, which would have profound consequences for Italy and the world during the tumultuous years that followed.

Moving forward in time to 1962, October 28th witnessed the Cuban Missile Crisis coming to an end. After nearly two weeks of intense negotiations and fears of a nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union, an agreement was reached. The crisis brought about a realization of the immense destructive power of nuclear weapons and highlighted the need for diplomacy in averting catastrophic conflicts.

On a somber note, October 28th holds the painful memory of political assassinations. In 1886, the Scottish radical socialist John Maclean was born, who dedicated his life to challenging the capitalist establishment. Similarly, in 1922, the assassination of Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno, former President of Ecuador, marked a tragic loss for the nation. These incidents serve as a reminder of the violence and vulnerability that often accompanies political dissent and change.

Shifting gears to the realm of science, October 28th has been a day of scientific breakthroughs and advancements. On this date in 1886, the Statue of Liberty was dedicated in New York City. This iconic symbol of freedom and opportunity stands as a testament to human ingenuity and engineering marvel, captivating millions of visitors from around the world over the years.

Additionally, in 1927, the world witnessed the first transatlantic telephone call between New York City and London. This monumental achievement was made possible by the efforts of several scientists and engineers who worked tirelessly to bridge the communication gap between continents. It opened up new possibilities for global communication and connected people in ways previously unimaginable.

In the realm of culture and entertainment, October 28th has also had its fair share of significant events. In 1965, American singer-songwriter and folk legend Bob Dylan was awarded the prestigious Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama. This recognition not only celebrated Dylan's immense artistic contributions but also acknowledged the profound impact of music in shaping society and sparking important conversations.

Furthermore, in 1975, the iconic rock band Queen released their magnum opus, \Bohemian Rhapsody.\ This groundbreaking song, known for its complex composition and genre-blending style, quickly became a global hit and solidified Queen's place in music history. The song's lasting legacy is a testament to the power of art to transcend boundaries and touch the hearts of people across generations.

Finally, on a lighter note, October 28th is also celebrated globally as National Chocolate Day. This delectable treat, loved by many, has a day dedicated to its indulgence and celebration. From rich dark chocolates to creamy milk chocolates, this day serves as a reminder to savor life's sweet moments and take pleasure in the simple joys that chocolate brings.

In conclusion, October 28th has witnessed a tapestry of events that have shaped the world we inhabit today. From political milestones to scientific breakthroughs, this date stands as a testament to the triumphs and tragedies of human history. Remembered for its significance in various fields, it serves as a reminder of the remarkable capacity of individuals to drive change, conquer challenges, and leave an indelible mark on society.

Here are more events of this day:

97 – Roman emperor Nerva is forced by the Praetorian Guard to adopt general Marcus Ulpius Trajanus as his heir and successor.

306 – Maxentius is proclaimed Roman emperor.

312 – Constantine I defeats Maxentius, becoming the sole Roman emperor in the West.

969 – The Byzantine Empire recovers Antioch from Arab rule.

1344 – The lower town of Smyrna is captured by Crusaders in response to Aydınid piracy.

1420 – Beijing is officially designated the capital of the Ming dynasty when the Forbidden City is completed.

1449 – Christian I is crowned king of Denmark.

1453 – Ladislaus the Posthumous is crowned king of Bohemia in Prague.

1492 – Christopher Columbus lands in Cuba on his first voyage to the New World, surmising that it is Japan.

1516 – Second Ottoman–Mamluk War: Mamluks fail to stop the Ottoman advance towards Egypt at the Battle of Yaunis Khan.

1520 – Ferdinand Magellan reaches the Pacific Ocean.

1531 – Abyssinian–Adal war: The Adal Sultanate seizes southern Ethiopia.

1538 – The Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino is founded in what is now the Dominican Republic.

 

1628 – French Wars of Religion: The Siege of La Rochelle ends with the surrender of the Huguenots after fourteen months.

1636 – The Massachusetts Bay Colony votes to establish a theological college, which would later become Harvard University.

1664 – The Duke of York and Albany's Maritime Regiment of Foot, later to be known as the Royal Marines, is established.

1707 – The 1707 Hōei earthquake causes more than 5,000 deaths in Japan.

1726 – The novel Gulliver's Travels written by Jonathan Swift is published.

1776 – American Revolutionary War: British troops attack and capture Chatterton Hill from the Continental Army.

1834 – The Pinjarra massacre occurs in the Swan River Colony. An estimated 30 Noongar people are killed by British colonists.

1835 – The United Tribes of New Zealand are established with the signature of the Declaration of Independence.

1864 – American Civil War: A Union attack on the Confederate capital of Richmond is repulsed.

1886 – US president Grover Cleveland dedicates the Statue of Liberty.

1891 – The Mino–Owari earthquake, the largest inland earthquake in Japan's history, occurs.

1893 – Pyotr Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 6 in B Minor, Pathétique receives its première performance only nine days before the composer's death.

 

1918 – World War I: A new Polish government in western Galicia is established, triggering the Polish–Ukrainian War.

1918 – World War I: Czech politicians peacefully take over the city of Prague, thus establishing the First Czechoslovak Republic.

1919 – The U.S. Congress passes the Volstead Act over President Woodrow Wilson's veto, paving the way for Prohibition to begin the following January.

1922 – Italian fascists led by Benito Mussolini march on Rome and take over the Italian government.

1928 – Indonesia Raya, now the national anthem of Indonesia, is first played during the Second Indonesian Youth Congress.

1940 – World War II: Greece rejects Italy's ultimatum. Italy invades Greece through Albania a few hours later.

1942 – The Alaska Highway first connects Alaska to the North American railway network at Dawson Creek in Canada.

1948 – Paul Hermann Müller is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the insecticidal properties of DDT.

1949 – An Air France Lockheed Constellation crashes in the Azores, killing all 48 people on board.

1956 – Hungarian Revolution: A de facto ceasefire comes into effect between armed revolutionaries and Soviet troops, who begin to withdraw from Budapest. Communist officials and facilities come under attack by revolutionaries.

1958 – John XXIII is elected Pope.

1962 – The Cuban Missile Crisis ends and Premier Nikita Khrushchev orders the removal of Soviet missiles from Cuba.

1965 – Pope Paul VI promulgates Nostra aetate, by which the Roman Catholic Church officially recognizes the legitimacy of non-Christian faiths.

1971 – Prospero becomes the only British satellite to be launched by a British rocket.

1982 – The Spanish general election begins fourteen years of rule by the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party.

1990 – Georgia holds its only free election under Soviet rule.

1995 – The Baku Metro fire sees 289 people killed and 270 injured.

2006 – A funeral service takes place at the Bykivnia graves for Ukrainians who were killed by the Soviet secret police.

2007 – Cristina Fernández de Kirchner becomes the first directly elected female President of Argentina.

2009 – The 28 October 2009 Peshawar bombing kills 117 and wounds 213.

2009 – NASA successfully launches the Ares I-X mission, the only rocket launch for its short-lived Constellation program.

2009 – US President Barack Obama signs the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act.

2013 – Five people are killed and 38 are injured after a car crashes into barriers at Tiananmen Square in China.

2014 – A rocket carrying NASA's Cygnus CRS Orb-3 resupply mission to the International Space Station explodes seconds after taking off from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport in Wallops Island, Virginia.

2018 – Jair Bolsonaro is elected president of Brazil with 57 million votes, with Workers' Party candidate Fernando Haddad as the runner-up. It is the first time in 16 years that a Workers' Party candidate is not elected president.